Trajan's Column

Trajan’s Column can be found in the city of Rome on the Via Dei Fori Imperali, in Trajans Forum about half a mile east of the Tiber River. The senate and Trajan himself commissioned the building of the column in AD 113 in order to pay homage to Trajan and serve as tomb, “…as a tomb for himself”(Dio). In fact he is the only emperor to be buried within the city walls as his bones and ashes from cremation lay below in a gold urn, “…received the singular honor of burial within the city boundaries” (Eutropius). The Column itself is 128(RF) roman feet high with a 16(RF) statue of Trajan placed on top. The base is made up of 29 massive square blocks of White Italian Marble. The pictures that were placed on the Column after Trajan’s death depict his personal account of the Dacian wars. The Dacian wars were a series of battles between the Romans and the Dacians under the rule of Agustus. As well as serving as a tomb the column stands for the great prosperity that Trajan brought to the Roman Empire. However the Column today does not exist as it once did, in the 1550’s it was converted into a bell tower and the statue of Trajan was replaced by one of Saint Peter. The column is now a part a large tourist attraction.
1 roman foot= .296 meters

The Via Appia

Transportation is one of the major challenges of the 20th and 21st centuries. Both the United States and Germany built the interstate and the Autobahn respectively with the intent of easily mobilizing troops across the nation, and the same is true of Rome’s great road, the Via Appia.

The road was commissioned by a Roman statesmen, Appius Claudius Caecus, in 312 BC with the interest of making it easier for the Roman army to cross the Pontine Marshes (a great military obstacle). Once the potential of the road was realized, it was said to be “for soldiers, for nobles, and for the most celebrated kingdom” (insignis, nobilis, celeberrima, regina viarum). This saying became the unofficial slogan of the Via Appia through its constant use by the Roman military. The road served to expand Rome’s power through its continued expansion of thirty five miles during the third Samnite war. After nearly 100 years of expansion, the road stretched a whopping 347 miles across Italy.

The road not only helped Rome to defend Italy from external threats, but served to intimidate those who would have unrest. After the the slave rebellion led by Spartacus, 6000 rebels were crucified across a 124 mile stretch - that's one every 14 feet!

But more than anything, the road was a popular avenue for recreational transportation and migration of goods by merchants. The Appian Way was also the setting for famous Roman writers such as in Horace’s Satires. In this work, he explains the congested condition of the road and often references the “boatmen and innkeepers” to detail the job occupations that were available to many Romans because of the road’s presence.

The road remains a popular destination today and was even included in the 1960 summer Olympics marathon course. So if you find yourself in Rome you will net regret the 300+ mile trip down memory lane.

Don’t Miss!
Porta Appia (gate of the Aurelian Walls)
The gate, a brick structure with turrets, still stands and has been restored to good condition. Modern traffic flows under it. Inside and upstairs is a museum dedicated to the construction of the walls and their recent restoration.

The Roman Bath’s of Capo di Bove
The area contains the thermal baths of a vast property owned in the 2nd century AD by Herodes Atticus and his wife Annia Regilla. The excavations, which can be visited daily free of charge, revealed thermal baths dating back to the middle of the 2nd century.

The Circus of Mexentius
The Circus itself is the best preserved of all Roman circuses, and is second only in size to the Circus Maximus in Rome. The only games recorded at the circus were its inaugural ones and these are generally thought to have been funerary in character.

The tomb of Cecelia Metella
Located at the top of a hill on the Appian Way, the tomb dominates the surrounding landscape. Atop a quadrangular base seven meters high, it consists of a cylindrical body 11 meters in height, with a diameter of 29 meters; this is surmounted by fortifications added during the medieval period.

The Pantheon

The Pantheon, located in the Regione IX Circus Flaminius, is Rome’s oldest and most used temple. It was primarily used as a temple to worship all of the gods in Rome. Dio speculated that “for most interpretations: his suggestion that the dome is meant to resemble the Heavens has given impetus to those who would see it as a temple to the cosmos with all its deities”(Aicher). Marcus Agrippa first commissioned this temple in 27 B.C. after the battle of Actium in 31 B.C. However throughout the years, the Pantheon was destroyed by fires twice and then rebuilt again by the emperor of that time. The last update the Pantheon was in 202 A.D. by Septimius Severus and Caracalla.

The temple was originally approached by a flight of steps, where people would walk up to get to the front. The front of the building had Greek-style columns and the dome in back of the temple was considerably younger. There was also a pediment that was decorated with a relief sculpture, made mostly of gilded bronze. On the front of the building it says, “M agrippa L F cos tertivm fecit,” meaning “Marcus Agrippa, son of Lucius, consul for the third time, built this.” This temple was also specifically used to worship all of the gods in Rome. On the inside of the dome, there are about 140 coffers sunken into the stone. "The cupola, which is a perfect hemisphere, has the same height as the diameter of the cylindrical drum on which its sits"(Aicher). It still consists of two main parts, a traditional rectangular portico supported by massive granite Corinthian columns, and a huge round concrete structure made of brick on the outside. The entire Pantheon stands on a podium with steps leading to the portico entrance.

Since the Renaissance, the Pantheon has been specifically used as a tomb. Some famous people such as Raphael, the painter, and two kings of Italy are buried there. Now, it is used as a Roman Catholic Church dedicated to St. Mary and the Martyrs. They still celebrate Mass regularly inside the Pantheon. The base building of building of the Pantheon has about 19 foot thick walls to support the massive weight of the dome. Due to the very thick walls, the Pantheon is primarily a lot colder inside than outside. However, due to the center of the dome being open, rain typically gets in creating puddles of water inside the Pantheon. The Pantheon also has no windows, just a hole in the roof, which is circular like the dome. The pantheon walls are made of very thick brick, while the columns are made of marble. Finally, to lessen the weight of the dome, the architects carved the ceiling a certain way by using less dense stones and rocks. This limited the amount of force on the columns from the dome was pushing down on them.

All in all, the Pantheon is a must see to all those who are in Rome. If you are religious and love to go to church, this will be, by far, the best site for you to go to. You can also attend church their and receive Communion in Rome.




Works Cited
"Pantheon, Rome." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 17 Feb. 2011.
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome>.


Aicher, Peter J. Rome Alive: a Source-guide to the Ancient City. Wauconda, IL: Bolchazy-Carducci, 2004. Print.

The Colosseum

The Colosseum (which is also spelled “Coliseum” believe it or not) is an elliptical amphitheatre designed to hold approximately 45-55 thousand people. Originally named the Flavian Amphitheatre (it was later changed because of a colossal statue of Nero that once stood nearby), this stunning architectural landmark features a different style of architecture on each level. The first level is that of a Doric style, the second level is composed with the Ionic style, and the third and fourth levels utilize a Corinthian style. Although Vespasian, the Roman emperor from 69 to 79 AD, commissioned it somewhere between 70 and 72 AD, Titus completed the construction of this monumentally magnificent masterpiece in 80 AD. It was located at the center of Rome, but was also symbolically at the center of ancient Roman culture. The Coliseum is sometimes viewed as a symbol of Roman victory in the Great Jewish Revolt of 70 AD because it was paid part from the spoils of that war.

The majority of the many functions it served were for purely for entertainment purposes. These functions included gladiator battles (which were sometimes staged), ceremonial slaughtering of animals, and executions (which were usually performed in way that pleased the crowd).

The once-great Coliseum, which was host to horrifically brutal deaths, is now a mere tourist attraction. Free admittance to the upper levels is offered to people over the age of 65 or under the age of 18. Sadly, spectators of this ancient arena of murder and martyrdom will not behold the full glory of its prime years. In 217 AD a fire (that allegedly started as a result of lightning) burned down most of the wooden structures within the Coliseum (including the center stage). Another fire, that ravaged much of Rome, also partially destroyed the Coliseum in 64 AD. Numerous Earthquakes have sent this rickety stone structure into a further state of dilapidation throughout the years (including a particularly large one in 1349).
In our opinion, not seeing the Coliseum would make your trip to Rome entirely devoid of meaning. As a symbol of ancient Roman culture and probably the most reputable monument left behind by the Romans, the Coliseum stands as a testament to the ingenuity of the Romans as well as their architectural prowess.

Works Cited
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vespasian
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloseum
http://www.legionxxiv.org/colosseum/

Arch of Constantine

The triumphal Arch of Constantine is located in between the Colosseum and the Palatine Hill. It was built in 315 A.D., to commemorate Constantine’s victory in 312 A.D. when he defeated Mexentius at the battle of Ponte Milvio. Constantine used this arch, along with Thermae Constantiniae (baths of Constantine) to solidify his claim to power. The arch is 21 meters high, 26 meters wide and 7.5 meters deep. The arch has three archways, and the top of the brickwork is riveted by marble. The design of the structure was inspired by the arch of Septimus Severus (seven slaves). On both faces is inscribed the following expression:
IMP · CAES · FL · CONSTANTINO · MAXIMO · P · F · AVGUSTO · S · P · Q · R · QVOD · INSTINCTV · DIVINATATIS · MENTIS · MAGNITVDINE · CVM · EXERCITV · SVO · TAM · DE · TYRANNO · QVAM · DE · OMNI · EIVS · FACTIONE · VNO · TEMPORE · IVSTIS · REM-PUBLICAM · VLTVS · EST · ARMIS · ARCVM · TRIVMPHIS · INSIGNEM · DICAVIT · LIBERATORI · VRBIS — FVNDATORI · QVIETIS
Translated, it says, “To the emperor Flavius Constantine, The Great, the pious and fortunate, the senate and people of Rome, because by divine inspiration his own spirit with his army on both the tyrant and all his faction at once and rightful battle he avenged the State, dedicated this arch as a mark of triumph. Along with the inscription, there are several designs, many of which were made with the intent of praising Constantine. Most notable of the designs are the eight circular relifes, known as “Hadrianic Roundels”. The designs on the relief range from scenes of hunting to scenes of war. Much of the imagery contains symbolism; for instance, the chariots represent eternity of the Roman Empire. As a result of high level preservation, including a fence that prevents visitors from contacting the structure, the arch still stands today and has sustained very minimal damage. The arch was used as the setting for finish line in 1960 Summer Olympic Marathon.

Hadrian's Villa

Some of the most beautiful and intriguing Roman ruins are those of Hadrian’s Villa. The villa is located in Tivoli, Italy; about 18 miles from Rome itself. It is a complex of over 30 buildings, several of which remain standing to this day.

Hadrian’s Villa was constructed and opened in the second and third decades of the second century AD by Hadrian. Hadrian, a Roman emperor during the second century AD, is known for his building of the Hadrian Wall as well as for traveling to nearly every province of the Roman Empire. Hadrian initially constructed the villa as a retreat from the fast-paced everyday life of Rome because he disliked the palace on the Palentine hill. The 250 acres of the villa later became the center of Roman government under Hadrian’s rule and a large court lived there to serve as government with Hadrian.

When it was first built, the structure consisted of over 30 buildings, covering a spread of 250 beautiful acres of Roman countryside. The complex included several palaces, thermae (Roman bath houses), a theatre, temples, libraries (in both Greek and Latin), state rooms, and quarters for courtiers (members of the court), praetorians (bodyguards), and slaves. It featured elements of Roman, Greek, and Egyptian architecture.

Since the time of the Roman Empire, the structures have had their priceless statues and artwork removed for use in other buildings in addition to the rare building materials. It has also been robbed numerous times since the fall of the Western Roman Empire. Not much is known about what the villa actually looked like; however, excavations have led to the belief that the villa was decorated very beautifully.

The buildings have been restored over time. Today, the structures continue to deteriorate rapidly, but some areas are still well preserved, such as the pool and the artificial grotto. Much of the rest of the site has eroded and a great deal of the valuable artifacts have been removed; some of the valuable art and sculptures still remain in Rome and are housed today in the Vatican Museum. Further, the villa definitely has more than what meets the eye. It actually has an extensive underground tunnel network. The tunnels were used to by servants to transport goods without being seen by the residents because the roads above ground were reserved for distinguished individuals of society and residents of the villa.

When visiting Rome, everyone should visit the villa, as it is one of the most beautiful pieces of Roman architecture still in existence. Although much of the art and statues now are in other places, the value of learning more about Roman culture is definitely worth the trip. If you would like to see the art and sculptures, be sure to visit the Vatican Museum!

Works Cited
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Villa
All images are from the Wikimedia commons.

The Forum Romanum

The Forum Romanum, or Forum of Rome, is located at the junction between Via Cavor and Via Dei Fori Imperiali. Itcontains a variety of buildings including temples, libraries, shrines, and basilicas. Lucius Tarquinius Priscus built it in 700 BC. It was to be a marketplace. He also desired for it to be the center of political and economic life in Rome. In 283 AD, a fire burned most of it to the ground and it had to be remodeled. Many of the imperial buildings preserved the aura of the earlier Republican precedent. Additionally, it contains a Forum museum which has a significant collection of sculptures and artifacts. When a public figure dies, “his body is escorted across the Forum and…carried…to the Rostra” (Polybius). The Arch of Septimius Severus was set across the Via Sacra in 203 AD. After the fire that burned much of the Forum down, the Basilica Julia and the Senate House were built in fine style.

The Arch of Augustus spans between the Temple of Castor and the Temple of Divus Julius; it celebrates Augustus’ war victories. Temples were built and dedicated to important Romans such as the Temple of the deified Julius Caesar. The Senate House turned the Forum square into a political and monumental precinct. Furthermore, the Forum contains many honorary statues. The Forum Romanum was the center of Roman public life. People could “…take issues to court and where people bring their merchandise to sell" (Varro).

Trials, banking, and schooling were also present. Those under the Napoleonic regime marked the beginning of the clearing of the Forum. The travel time paving in the center has been mostly robbed or removed to permit modern excavations. Today, the ruins of the Forum are major tourist attractions. In conclusion, this is a truly
breathtaking Roman monument.

Works Cited:

Claridge, Amanda, Judith Toms, and Tony Cubberley. Rome: an Oxford Archaeological Guide to Rome. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1998. Print.

"Forum Romanum, Rome (Photo Archive)." Photo Archive (Photo Archive). Web. 17 Feb. 2011.

"Roman Forum." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 17 Feb. 2011.

Polybius. History.

Varro. Latin Language.